Ongoing Research

A single mean roughness value can conceal hydrodynamically important spatial variation. This work quantifies how different roughness distributions with the same area-averaged equivalent roughness alter resistance, boundary-layer development, and wake structure. Current work examines full-scale powering prediction using effective roughness descriptors and measurement-informed spatial distributions.

Added-resistance predictions can be sensitive to CFD setup, with the magnitude of that sensitivity varying across wavelength ratios. This project uses a structured parameter study to identify modelling choices that contribute to the variation and to assess approaches for more reproducible added-resistance prediction.